Why Do Students Get Summers Off? 



It’s commonly believed that school kids started taking summers off in the 19th century so they’d have time to work on the farm. Nice as that story is, it isn’t true. Summer vacation has little to do with tilling fields and more to do with sweaty, rich city kids playing hooky and their sweaty, rich parents.

Before the Civil War, farm kids never had summers off. They went to school during the hottest and coldest months and stayed home during the spring and fall, when crops needed to be planted and harvested. Meanwhile, city kids hit the books all year long—summers included. In 1842, Detroit’s academic year lasted 260 days!

But as cities got denser, they got hotter. Endless lanes of brick and concrete transformed urban blocks into kilns, thanks to the “urban heat island effect.” That’s when America’s swelling middle and upper class families started hightailing it to the cooler ｃountryside. And that caused a problem. School attendance wasn’t mandatory back then, and classrooms were being left half-empty each summer. Something had to give.

Legislators, in one of those if-you-can’t-beat-‘em-join-‘em moments, started arguing that kids should get summers off anyway. It helped that, culturally, leisure time was becoming more important. With the dawn of labor ｕnions and the eight-hour workday, working adults were getting more time to themselves than ever before. Advocates for vacation time also argued (incorrectly) that the brain was a muscle, and like any muscle, it could suffer injuries if overused. From there, they argued that students shouldn’t go to school year-round because it could strain their brains. To top it off, air conditioning was decades away, and city schools during summertime were miserable, half-empty ovens.

So by the turn of the century, urban districts had managed to cut about 60 schooldays from the most sweltering part of the year. Rural schools soon adopted the same pattern so they wouldn’t fall behind. Business folks obviously saw an opportunity here. The summer vacation biz soon ballooned into what is now one of the ｃountry’s largest billion-dollar industries.

Article Source: http://mentalfloss.com/article/56901/why-do-students-get-summers
Image Source: http://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/56901-iStock-515262870.jpg?resize=1100x740

VOCABULARY WORDS:
1. Till (v.) ~ prepare and cultivate (land) for crops
2. Hooky (n./ informal) ~ stay away from school or work without permission or explanation
3. Dense (adj.) ~ closely compacted in substance.
4. Hightail (v./ informal) ~ move or travel fast
5. Sweltering (adj.) ~ uncomfortably hot

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:
1. What do you think is the reason for summer breaks of students?
2. When you were a student, what did you usually do in summer breaks?
3. Do you think that summer breaks are necessary? Discuss your answer.
4. Should it be shorter or longer? Explain your answer.